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Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Science objectives [ ] • Obtain high-resolution images of the Martian surface • Characterize the structure and composition of the atmosphere and surface • Search for evidence of Viking orbiters [ ] The primary objectives of the two Viking orbiters were to transport the landers to Mars, perform reconnaissance to locate and certify landing sites, act as communications relays for the landers, and to perform their own scientific investigations. Each orbiter, based on the earlier spacecraft, was an approximately 2.5 m across. The fully fueled orbiter-lander pair had a of 3527 kg. After separation and landing, the lander had a mass of about 600 kg and the orbiter 900 kg.
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The total launch mass was 2328 kg, of which 1445 kg were propellant and gas. The eight faces of the ring-like structure were 0.4572 m high and were alternately 1.397 and 0.508 m wide. The overall height was 3.29 m from the lander attachment points on the bottom to the launch vehicle attachment points on top. There were 16 modular compartments, 3 on each of the 4 long faces and one on each short face. Four solar panel wings extended from the of the orbiter, the distance from tip to tip of two oppositely extended solar panels was 9.75 m. Propulsion [ ] The main unit was mounted above the. Propulsion was furnished by a ( and ) liquid-fueled which could be up to 9.
The engine was capable of 1,323 (297 ) thrust, translating to a of 1480. Was achieved by 12 small compressed-nitrogen jets. Navigation and communication [ ] An acquisition, a cruise Sun sensor, a and an inertial reference unit consisting of six allowed three-axis stabilization. Two were also on board.
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Communications were accomplished through a 20 W (2.3 ) and two 20 W. An (8.4 GHz) was also added specifically for and to conduct communications experiments. Was via S band (2.1 GHz). A two-axis steerable with a diameter of approximately 1.5 m was attached at one edge of the orbiter base, and a fixed low-gain antenna extended from the top of the bus. Two tape recorders were each capable of storing 1280. A 381- relay radio was also available.
Power [ ] The power to the two orbiter craft was provided by eight 1.57 × 1.23 m, two on each wing. The solar panels comprised a total of 34,800 solar cells and produced 620 W of power at Mars.
Power was also stored in two 30-. The combined area of the four panels was 15 square meters (160 square feet), and they provided both regulated and unregulated direct current power; unregulated power was provided to the radio transmitter and the lander. Two 30-amp-hour, nickel-cadmium, rechargeable batteries provided power when the spacecraft was not facing the Sun, and during launch, correction maneuvers and Mars occultation. Main findings [ ]. Mars image mosaic from the Viking 1 orbiter By discovering many geological forms that are typically formed from large amounts of water, the images from the orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about.
Huge river valleys were found in many areas. They showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and travelled thousands of kilometers. Large areas in the southern hemisphere contained branched stream networks, suggesting that rain once fell. The flanks of some volcanoes are believed to have been exposed to rainfall because they resemble those caused on Hawaiian volcanoes. Many craters look as if the impactor fell into mud. When they were formed, ice in the soil may have melted, turned the ground into mud, then flowed across the surface.
Normally, material from an impact goes up, then down. It does not flow across the surface, going around obstacles, as it does on some Martian craters. Regions, called ',' seemed to have quickly lost great volumes of water, causing large channels to be formed. The amount of water involved was estimated to ten thousand times the flow of the. Underground volcanism may have melted frozen ice; the water then flowed away and the ground collapsed to leave chaotic terrain.
Artist's concept depicting a Viking lander on the surface of Mars. Each lander comprised a six-sided aluminium base with alternate 1.09 and 0.56 m (3 ft 7 in and 1 ft 10 in) long sides, supported on three extended legs attached to the shorter sides. The leg footpads formed the vertices of an equilateral triangle with 2.21 m (7 ft 3 in) sides when viewed from above, with the long sides of the base forming a straight line with the two adjoining footpads.
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